This YouTube video features an interview with Norman Ohler, author of "Blitzed: Drugs in the Third Reich," discussing the role of psychoactive drugs in Nazi Germany and broader historical contexts.
Main Points
- The Ardennes Offensive and Methamphetamine: The discussion begins with the German invasion of France through the Ardennes, highlighting the crucial role of Pervitin (methamphetamine) in enabling the rapid advance. Three young tank generals presented the plan to Hitler, and the need for soldiers to stay awake for three days and nights led to the widespread prescription of methamphetamine [0:00-1:34, 56:32-59:46]. Professor Ranke, head of Army Physiology, advocated for its use, leading to the distribution of 35 million dosages [1:34-2:07, 59:47-1:00:18]. The drug induced a "fight or flight" mode, boosting energy and reducing fear, making soldiers highly effective in combat [62:26-63:00]. However, the drug's use was not without consequence, contributing to war crimes like Rommel's division running over sleeping French soldiers [63:33-64:03].
- Pervitin's Origin and Societal Acceptance: Pervitin was developed by the Temmler Company in the late 1930s as a German answer to Benzedrine [45:19-47:26]. It was readily available without a prescription and widely normalized as a performance enhancer for soldiers and civilians alike [47:26-49:02]. The Nazi regime, despite its anti-drug ideology, facilitated its widespread use in the military.
- Hitler's Drug Use: While the army extensively used methamphetamine, Hitler's personal drug use evolved. Initially, he adhered to a strict regimen of vitamins and glucose injections, largely avoiding drugs [91:39-99:10]. However, after a severe illness in August 1941, his doctor, Theodor Morell, began administering him stronger medications, including opioids like Dolantin and later Eukodal (oxycodone) [103:56-108:54]. This marked a turning point, with Hitler becoming increasingly dependent on these substances for energy and mood regulation, impacting his decision-making, particularly his strategic blunders like the diversion from Moscow and the "Haltebefehl" at Dunkirk [108:23-109:59, 78:20-79:21]. Cocaine was also administered after the 1944 assassination attempt, leading to a "speedball" effect when combined with opioids [122:49-128:40].
- Historical Context and Personal Journey: Ohler shares his personal connection to Berlin and his research process, emphasizing the importance of archival work. He highlights the stark contrast between the drug-fueled, bohemian scene in Weimar Republic Berlin and the more conservative Nazi movement in Munich [7:59-8:30]. He also touches upon the critical role of drugs in the creative process for writers and artists [10:39-11:10].
- Critiques and Historical Interpretation: The author addresses criticisms of his work, particularly the accusation of monocausality and potentially excusing war crimes through drug use [24:25-26:07]. He defends his approach by emphasizing that he did not invent facts and that drugs were a significant, often overlooked, factor in historical events [26:07-27:12].
- Resistance and Human Nature: Ohler discusses the "Bohemians," a resistance group in Nazi Germany led by Harro Schulze-Boysen and Libertas, highlighting their fight against the regime and the personal sacrifices they made [151:37-174:36]. This section explores the complexities of resistance, the impact of propaganda, and the courage required to stand against oppression.
- The Broader Impact of Drugs on Human Civilization: Ohler's upcoming book, "Stoned Sapiens," examines the history of human civilization through the lens of drugs, exploring their potential role in cognitive development, religion, and societal evolution. He discusses theories like the "stoned ape" hypothesis and the use of psychedelics in ancient rituals, suggesting that drugs have played a more integral role in human development than traditionally acknowledged [188:22-199:48]. He also explores the connection between drugs and organized religion, noting how different faiths have both embraced and prohibited their use [194:25-199:15].
Key Takeaways
- Drugs as a Historical Factor: Ohler's work emphasizes that drugs were not just recreational but significant historical catalysts, particularly in military operations and leadership decision-making.
- The Complexity of Human Behavior: The interview delves into the intricate interplay between ideology, power, personal psychology, and substance use in shaping historical events and individual actions.
- Challenging Historical Narratives: Ohler's research encourages a re-examination of established historical accounts, highlighting overlooked elements that can offer new perspectives.
- The Role of Consciousness and Psychedelics: The discussion touches upon the potential of psychedelics to expand consciousness and influence human development, a theme central to his ongoing work.
- Personal Experience and Research: Ohler's personal journey as a writer and his deep dive into archives demonstrate a commitment to uncovering nuanced truths.